Future<T> class Null safety

The result of an asynchronous computation.

An asynchronous computation cannot provide a result immediately when it is started, unlike a synchronous computation which does compute a result immediately by either returning a value or by throwing. An asynchronous computation may need to wait for something external to the program (reading a file, querying a database, fetching a web page) which takes time. Instead of blocking all computation until the result is available, the asynchronous computation immediately returns a Future which will eventually "complete" with the result.

Asynchronous programming

To perform an asynchronous computation, you use an async function which always produces a future. Inside such an asynchronous function, you can use the await operation to delay execution until another asynchronous computation has a result. While execution of the awaiting function is delayed, the program is not blocked, and can continue doing other things.

Example:

import "dart:io";
Future<bool> fileContains(String path, String needle) async {
   var haystack = await File(path).readAsString();
   return haystack.contains(needle);
}

Here the File.readAsString method from dart:io is an asychronous function returning a Future<String>. The fileContains function is marked with async right before its body, which means that you can use await inside it, and that it must return a future. The call to File(path).readAsString() initiates reading the file into a string and produces a Future<String> which will eventually contain the result. The await then waits for that future to complete with a string (or an error, if reading the file fails). While waiting, the program can do other things. When the future completes with a string, the fileContains function computes a boolean and returns it, which then completes the original future that it returned when first called.

If a future completes with an error, awaiting that future will (re-)throw that error. In the example here, we can add error checking:

import "dart:io";
Future<bool> fileContains(String path, String needle) async {
  try {
    var haystack = await File(path).readAsString();
    return haystack.contains(needle);
  } on FileSystemException catch (exception, stack) {
    _myLog.logError(exception, stack);
    return false;
  }
}

You use a normal try/catch to catch the failures of awaited asynchronous computations.

In general, when writing asynchronous code, you should always await a future when it is produced, and not wait until after another asynchronous delay. That ensures that you are ready to receive any error that the future might produce, which is important because an asynchronous error that no-one is awaiting is an uncaught error and may terminate the running program.

Programming with the Future API.

The Future class also provides a more direct, low-level functionality for accessing the result that it completes with. The async and await language features are built on top of this functionality, and it sometimes makes sense to use it directly. There are things that you cannot do by just awaiting one future at a time.

With a Future, you can manually register callbacks that handle the value, or error, once it is available. For example:

Future<int> future = getFuture();
future.then((value) => handleValue(value))
      .catchError((error) => handleError(error));

Since a Future can be completed in two ways, either with a value (if the asynchronous computation succeeded) or with an error (if the computation failed), you can install callbacks for either or both cases.

In some cases we say that a future is completed with another future. This is a short way of stating that the future is completed in the same way, with the same value or error, as the other future once that other future itself completes. Most functions in the platform libraries that complete a future (for example Completer.complete or Future.value), also accepts another future, and automatically handles forwarding the result to the future being completed.

The result of registering callbacks is itself a Future, which in turn is completed with the result of invoking the corresponding callback with the original future's result. The new future is completed with an error if the invoked callback throws. For example:

Future<int> successor = future.then((int value) {
    // Invoked when the future is completed with a value.
    return 42;  // The successor is completed with the value 42.
  },
  onError: (e) {
    // Invoked when the future is completed with an error.
    if (canHandle(e)) {
      return 499;  // The successor is completed with the value 499.
    } else {
      throw e;  // The successor is completed with the error e.
    }
  });

If a future does not have any registered handler when it completes with an error, it forwards the error to an "uncaught-error handler". This behavior ensures that no error is silently dropped. However, it also means that error handlers should be installed early, so that they are present as soon as a future is completed with an error. The following example demonstrates this potential bug:

var future = getFuture();
Timer(const Duration(milliseconds: 5), () {
  // The error-handler is not attached until 5 ms after the future has
  // been received. If the future fails before that, the error is
  // forwarded to the global error-handler, even though there is code
  // (just below) to eventually handle the error.
  future.then((value) { useValue(value); },
              onError: (e) { handleError(e); });
});

When registering callbacks, it's often more readable to register the two callbacks separately, by first using then with one argument (the value handler) and using a second catchError for handling errors. Each of these will forward the result that they don't handle to their successors, and together they handle both value and error result. It has the additional benefit of the catchError handling errors in the then value callback too. Using sequential handlers instead of parallel ones often leads to code that is easier to reason about. It also makes asynchronous code very similar to synchronous code:

// Synchronous code.
try {
  int value = foo();
  return bar(value);
} catch (e) {
  return 499;
}

Equivalent asynchronous code, based on futures:

Future<int> asyncValue = Future(foo);  // Result of foo() as a future.
asyncValue.then((int value) {
  return bar(value);
}).catchError((e) {
  return 499;
});

Similar to the synchronous code, the error handler (registered with catchError) is handling any errors thrown by either foo or bar. If the error-handler had been registered as the onError parameter of the then call, it would not catch errors from the bar call.

Futures can have more than one callback-pair registered. Each successor is treated independently and is handled as if it was the only successor.

A future may also fail to ever complete. In that case, no callbacks are called. That situation should generally be avoided if possible, unless it's very clearly documented.